What causes female infertility & sterility? Symptoms and treatments

Female sterility is the inability to conceive due to problems related to the eggs that impede fertilization and, therefore, pregnancy. The alteration of the reproductive capacity can happen due to a variety of causes. The symptoms the woman experiences will be more or less noticeable depending on the cause.

For this reason, there may be situations in which the woman is not aware of her sterility until she undergoes the relevant fertility tests.

There are two main types of sterility:

Primary sterility

appears in women who have never been pregnant before.

Secondary sterility

When a couple is unable to achieve a pregnancy even though they already have one or more children in common. In other words, sterility appears after having been fertile previously.

Although they are two different types of infertility, the common point between them is the difficulty in achieving the desired pregnancy.

The different sections of this article have been assembled into the following table of contents.

Infertility and sterility in women

Although the terms sterility and infertility are commonly used as synonyms, both by society in general and professionals in this field, it should be noted that their meaning is not exactly the same:

Female sterility

The fusion between the egg and the sperm, i.e. fertilization, cannot take place due to problems related to the egg cell. Also, we talk about sterility when fertilization does occur, but still, the embryo is unable to attach to the endometrial lining. To sum up, it refers to every situation in which pregnancy cannot take place.

Female infertility

Although fertilization occurs and an embryo is obtained as a result of the egg-sperm binding, it cannot continue to develop fully, so a full-term pregnancy would never occur. It causes the woman to miscarry.

Differences between infertility and sterility in women

Be it as it may, both types hinder a woman's capacity to have a child, and therefore, are used interchangeably when talking about the causes, the signs, and the potential treatments to achieve a successful pregnancy.

Causes of infertility in women

Infertility problems in women can appear due to one or a combination of the following alterations:

Problems with egg production

A leading cause of female infertility is associated with the ovulation cycle. It is known as endocrine factor infertility because the menstrual cycle is regulated by a set of hormones such as GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), progesterone, and estradiol.

Hormonal control of ovulation

Variations in hormone levels can lead to:

• Anovulation or absence of ovulation (egg release)
• Ovulation taking place earlier or later than expected
• Egg production failure

In normal menstrual cycles, without endocrine alterations, ovulation takes place halfway through the menstrual cycle (on day 14 approximately), considering as day 1 the day when the menstrual period begins.

For this reason, the most fertile days are the closest to ovulation, that is, the moment when the egg is released by the ovary so that the sperm hopefully reaches and fertilizes it inside the Fallopian tube.

Should a woman present any of the above-listed problems related to ovulation, pregnancy is unlikely to be achieved even if she tried to conceive during her most fertile days.

For more information on this topic, please visit the following link: Female infertility due to endocrine-ovarian factor.

Ovulation abnormalities

The absence or the presence of alterations in the ovulation cycle leads to menstrual irregularities or even to amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods). However, there are certain cases in which menstrual periods are apparently normal even though there are a series of problems related to hormones that hinder a woman's chances to become pregnant:

Occult form of premature ovarian insufficiency (POF)

a type of premature ovarian failure (POF) that prevents ovulation.

Luteal phase defect (LPD)

after ovulation, during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the releasing of progesterone takes place, and its main function is to promote the growth of the endometrium to create an adequate environment for embryo implantation and pregnancy. Sometimes, the endometrial lining does not grow properly due to a poor production of progesterone, which makes pregnancy unachievable.

Luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome

the follicle, which is home to the egg before ovulation, continues developing until the luteal phase begins even though no egg has been released within. Fertilization will not occur, as no oocyte has been released from the ovary.

Why can ovulation disturbances occur?

Some causes of the hormonal imbalances that affect the endocrine system's regulation of ovarian cycles are stress, obesity, anorexia, thyroid problems, certain medications, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, environmental factors and so on.

Fallopian tube problems

We use the term tubal factor infertility when referring to alterations or problems in the Fallopian tubes, the part of the female reproductive system where fertilization takes place.

During ovulation, an egg is released from the ovary and travels to the Fallopian tubes, so that a sperm reaches and fertilizes it. After fertilization, the resulting embryo travels through the tubes toward the uterus, where it will implant and give rise to a new pregnancy.

In order for these steps to take place, tubal patency in both Fallopian tubes, or at least in one of them, is necessary. They have to be functional as well. If both tubes are blocked, we consider that the woman suffers from tubal factor infertility.

Fallopian tube blockage: is pregnancy still possible?

Abnormalities related to tubal patency can be caused by infections, endometriosis, salpingitis, tubal malformations, hydrosalpinx, surgery and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a diagnostic test that allows us to evaluate the functionality of the uterine tubes.

If you want to learn more then please visit the following article: Tubal factor infertility.

Cervical factor

The cervix the first place that sperm must pass through on their way to the egg. There may be obstructions in the form of tumors or fibroids that hinder fertilization.

On the other hand, the cervical mucus also helps the spermatozoa to move through the uterine interior, providing them with a medium through which to travel.

Some of the causes that cause infertility in women because they prevent the sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes to fertilize the egg are inflammations, infections or pH changes.

Causes of sterility due to cervical factor

If you are interested in this topic, we invite you to read the following article: Female infertility due to cervical abnormalities.

Infertility of uterine origin

There exist two main causes behind female infertility due to uterine abnormalities: on the one hand, uterine malformations, and on the other hand conditions related to the endometrium.

Uterine abnormalities can be congenital, that is, from birth, or appear later in life as a consequence of fibroids, myomas, or cysts.

Also, it should be taken into account that endometriosis is infertility of uterine origin as well. It is a condition caused by the inflammation of the endometrial tissue, which grows outside the uterine cavity. Depending on the severity, it can be more or less perjudicial to a woman's fertility.

Uterine reasons for female infertility

Click here if you want to get further information about this subject: Female infertility due to uterine abnormalities.

Other causes of infertility

There are other factors that affect sterility, but they can occur in both sexes, such as the following:

Unexplained infertility

in spite of having ran numerous fertility tests in the female and the male, no particular disorder causing infertility is detected.

Immune infertility

the most common cause of immune sterility is the presence of anti-sperm antibodies, either created by the female or the male, as well as the Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), which generates in the woman's body a hypercoagulable state that prevents the placenta working properly and leads to miscarriage.

Psychological distress

emotions, sensations, and feelings play a major role in a female's reproductive capacity. It is not uncommon for us to see cases of couples who were once infertile, but have achieved a natural pregnancy on the second attempt. A number of experts have linked this situation to the relaxation and elimination of the stress usually derived from infertility.

Vaginal conditions

vaginismus prevents penetration and ejaculation due to the contraction of the perivaginal muscles.

Genetic causes

Certain genetic and chromosomal alterations can make it difficult or impossible for a couple to conceive. Moreover, they can affect the normal development of a pregnancy, thereby leading to the loss of pregnancy.

Other reasons for female infertility

Research advances in the field of human fertility lead day by day to the discovery of new causes of sterility, so that it is possible to outline new treatments and drugs to combat all these problems.

Symptoms of infertility in females

Female infertility can go unnoticed or, conversely, certain signs can make it quite obvious.

For example, in cases of female sterility due to endocrine factors, hormonal alterations usually lead to amenorrhea or menstrual irregularities, signs that some kind of problem exists, and are reasons for a woman to visit a fertility specialist.

Also, a blockage in the Fallopian tubes or the presence of myomas in the uterine cavity can cause the woman to feel pain or at least some sort of discomfort. There are, however, cases in which the patient has no noticeable symptoms, and is therefore totally unaware that there is a fertility issue that needs to be supervised by a duly qualified specialist.

Does female infertility cause symptoms?

Due to this wide range of signs, females, in general, are recommended to attend every routine gynecological consultation, and not to visit the specialist only in case of pain, discomfort or menstrual alterations.

Fertility of women according to age

Contrary to what happens in men, women do not produce eggs de novo but are born with a finite number of eggs. From puberty and until menopause, ovulation of a large part of them will occur and the rest will degenerate on the maturation path to ovulation.

Female reproductive lifespan graph

A woman's fertile period ranges from approximately 16 to 30-35 years of age. From this age, and especially from the age of 40, a woman's fertility progressively decreases until the complete depletion of the egg reserve at menopause.

In fact, Dr. Gorka Barrenetxea, a specialist in Gynecology and Obstetrics, tells us that:

The average age of the women who come to our center is 37-38 years old.

Treatments

In a situation of female infertility, the treatment necessary to achieve pregnancy will depend on its cause. Therefore, specialists recommend that each case be approached individually and that a personalized treatment protocol be developed.

In addition to the origin of the infertility, there are other factors that will influence the choice of the most appropriate treatment, such as the age of the woman and the male factor, mainly.

Once each case has been analyzed and all the necessary diagnostic tests have been performed, the fertility treatments that a woman or couple can use to have a child are as follows:

Scheduled intercourse

for cases of mild infertility, such as anovulation in young women. For this purpose, ovulation-inducing drugs are administered and intercourse is scheduled.

Artificial insemination (AI)

is the first assisted reproductive technique to be used when the woman is young and the partner's sperm is of good quality.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

for more severe female or male infertility, or when AI has not worked after several attempts.

Other reasons for female infertility

IVF with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

in cases of infertility due to genetic causes or when there is a risk of transmission of a hereditary disease.

Ovodonation

when the woman does not have good quality eggs in her ovarian reserve, it will be necessary to resort to donor eggs.

Each of these treatments should be adapted to each woman according to her specific characteristics and causes of infertility. If you need more detailed information about this, you can continue reading in the following post: Techniques and treatments to combat female infertility.

FAQs from users

Could I have fertility problems because of my age?

Answered by Fertility Madrid

Yes, unfortunately the passage of time has a very negative influence. The fertile age is between puberty and menopause. Within this period, the best conditions are usually up to 35 years of age. As a woman's age increases, her ovarian reserve and the quality of her eggs decreases.

In short, the older a woman gets, the lower her fertility not only translates into a lower probability of pregnancy, but also into an increase in the number of miscarriages due to chromosomal abnormalities and complications during pregnancy.

When is a woman said to be infertile?

A woman is said to be infertile when she is unable to become pregnant within 1 year of having unprotected sexual intercourse regularly, after ruling out male causes.

There are a great variety of causes of greater or lesser severity. That is why in many cases it may happen that the woman is not aware of her problem until the necessary sterility tests are performed, since in many cases she does not show any symptoms.

There are 2 types of sterility:

Primary

is when we have never been able to get pregnant.

Secondary

is when we do not achieve gestation despite having one or more previous children with the same partner.

To know the state of our ovarian reserve, it is best to perform an ultrasound to assess the antral follicle count, and a hormone analysis to determine the levels of FSH and antimullerian hormone.

And finally, it is necessary to know that the period of greatest fertility in women is from 16 to 30-35 years of age approximately, with fertility being clearly affected from the age of 40 onwards.

Is pregnancy possible after oophorectomy?

Yes, it is possible. However, there are differing opinions when reviewing the literature regarding ovarian-hormonal function after oophorectomy.

Some studies indicate a lesser effect on female fertility when the procedure is performed at a younger age. Other studies point out that patients with only one ovary respond less to ovarian stimulation with lower oocyte collection and have a higher follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), an indicator of a low response to stimulation in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) protocols.

Up to what age can you become a mother?

It will depend on each woman and her ovarian reserve. A woman can be a mother naturally until she reaches the menopausal stage. However, as she approaches this stage, reproductive capacity decreases.

In any case and in general terms, we can say that from the age of 35 onwards, female fertility gradually decreases and it does so more markedly from the age of 40 onwards.

How do you know if a woman is infertile?

In order to know the fertility status of a woman, there are a series of medical tests that help to measure the woman's ovarian reserve and to study her reproductive capacity.

Among them are cytology, physical examination of the female reproductive system, the analysis of hormones such as FSH or AMH, etc.

How can pregnancy with infertility/sterility be achieved?

Depending on the cause of infertility, one solution or another will be provided to achieve pregnancy. Assisted reproduction offers a wide range of techniques and treatments so that women with infertility can become pregnant and fulfill their desire to become mothers.

The most common techniques are artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (conventional or ICSI), PGD (preimplantation genetic diagnosis), egg and sperm donation, etc.

Recommended reading

Sterility or infertility in women arises from some alteration in the proper functioning of the entire reproductive system for all the reasons we have already discussed. First of all, if you want to know what a woman's fertility consists of and what her ideal development should be like, we recommend you to visit the following post: Fertility in women.

A woman's menstrual cycle is key to achieving pregnancy. To get all the information about what happens in each of its stages, you can read the following article: What is the menstrual cycle?

References